Antonio Gramsci - Revision history

imported>Azadsingh: Link

2025-11-01T09:09:41Z

Link

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:09, 1 November 2025
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	'''Antonio Gramsci''' was an Italian Communist who developed the theory of [[Cultural Hegemony]], which states that the bourgeois ruling class has a hegemonic influence on culture, through its control over the Mainstream Media and institutions such as NGOs.		'''Antonio Gramsci''' was an Italian Communist who developed the theory of [[Cultural Hegemony]], which states that the bourgeois ruling class has a hegemonic influence on culture, through its control over the [[Mainstream Media]] and institutions such as NGOs.

	Gramsci helped to found the Italian Communist Party in 1921. In 1924, he became its secretary, taking over from his [[Left communism\|left-communist]] enemy Amadeo Bordiga. He was succeeded by [[Palmiro Togliatti]], an [[Opportunism\|opportunist]].		Gramsci helped to found the Italian Communist Party in 1921. In 1924, he became its secretary, taking over from his [[Left communism\|left-communist]] enemy Amadeo Bordiga. He was succeeded by [[Palmiro Togliatti]], an [[Opportunism\|opportunist]].
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	== Cultural Hegemony ==		== Cultural Hegemony ==
	Cultural hegemony is expressed today through bourgeois culture promoted by Hollywood and the Mainstream Media. It is also enforced through cancel culture.		Cultural hegemony is expressed today through bourgeois culture promoted by Hollywood and the [[Mainstream Media]]. It is also enforced through cancel culture.

	Under [[bourgeois socialism]], the cultural hegemony is centrally managed by the government or [[Blackrock]]. Through state apparatuses like the [[Central Intelligence Agency\|CIA]], [[State Department]], former [[Congress for Cultural Freedom\|CCF]], [[NED]], [[United States Agency for International Development\|USAID]] before [[DOGE]], and their affiliates like the [[Ford Foundation]] and [[George Soros]]'s Open Society Foundation, the US government spends billions each year promoting [[Trotskyism\|Trotskyist]] narratives like "democracy" and "human rights".		Under [[bourgeois socialism]], the cultural hegemony is centrally managed by the government or [[Blackrock]]. Through state apparatuses like the [[Central Intelligence Agency\|CIA]], [[State Department]], former [[Congress for Cultural Freedom\|CCF]], [[NED]], [[United States Agency for International Development\|USAID]] before [[DOGE]], and their affiliates like the [[Ford Foundation]] and [[George Soros]]'s Open Society Foundation, the US government spends billions each year promoting [[Trotskyism\|Trotskyist]] narratives like "democracy" and "human rights".
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	Infrared draws heavily from Gramsci, including his notion of the 'relative autonomy of the superstructure with regard to the base.'		Infrared draws heavily from Gramsci, including his notion of the 'relative autonomy of the superstructure with regard to the base.'

			===See also===

			* [[Why the politicians want NUCLEAR WAR]]

	== Myths ==		== Myths ==

imported>Azadsingh: /* Trotsky vs. Stalin */ added letter contents

2025-04-10T00:50:17Z

Trotsky vs. Stalin: added letter contents

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:50, 10 April 2025
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	'''Antonio Gramsci''' was an Italian Communist who developed the theory of [[Cultural Hegemony]], which states that the bourgeois ruling class has a hegemonic influence on culture, through its control over the Mainstream Media and institutions such as NGOs.		'''Antonio Gramsci''' was an Italian Communist who developed the theory of [[Cultural Hegemony]], which states that the bourgeois ruling class has a hegemonic influence on culture, through its control over the Mainstream Media and institutions such as NGOs.

	Gramsci helped to found the Italian Communist Party in 1921. In 1924, he became its secretary.		Gramsci helped to found the Italian Communist Party in 1921. In 1924, he became its secretary, taking over from his [[Left communism\|left-communist]] enemy Amadeo Bordiga. He was succeeded by [[Palmiro Togliatti]], an [[Opportunism\|opportunist]].

	From 1926, Gramsci was imprisoned and tortured by [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s Fascists. There, he wrote his Prison Notebooks. He died from sickness due to torture in 1937.		From 1926, Gramsci was imprisoned and tortured by [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s Fascists. There, he wrote his Prison Notebooks. He died from sickness due to torture in 1937.
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	=== Trotsky vs. Stalin ===		=== Trotsky vs. Stalin ===
	Trotskyists have falsely claimed that Gramsci was sympathetic to Trotskyism, pointing to his letter to the ~~Comintern~~ which (they claim) was "protesting Stalin's campaign against the Left Opposition."<ref>Leon Trotsky via Pioneer Publishers, "What Is Fascism and How to Fight It" (1944) https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1944/1944-fas.htm</ref>		Trotskyists have falsely claimed that Gramsci was sympathetic to Trotskyism, pointing to his letter to the USSR which (they claim) was "protesting Stalin's campaign against the Left Opposition."<ref>Leon Trotsky via Pioneer Publishers, "What Is Fascism and How to Fight It" (1944) https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1944/1944-fas.htm</ref>

	In reality, Gramsci was completely pro-Stalin. He wrote in 1926, "Our letter was a whole indictment of the opposition."<ref name=":0">Communist Platform - Gramsci, a Bolshevik. https://espressostalinist.com/2015/02/10/communist-platform-gramsci-a-bolshevik/</ref>		In reality, Gramsci was completely pro-Stalin. He wrote in 1926, "Our letter was a whole indictment of the opposition."<ref name=":0">Communist Platform - Gramsci, a Bolshevik. https://espressostalinist.com/2015/02/10/communist-platform-gramsci-a-bolshevik/</ref>

	~~He compared his [[Left communism\|leftcom]] rival Bordiga to Trotsky~~, ~~saying~~ that ~~both "played a purely figurative role in~~ the ~~Central Committee~~" ~~and created a~~ "~~factional situation~~" with ~~"disastrous repercussions". <ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>Trotsky, although taking part ‘in a disciplined manner’ in~~ the ~~work~~ of ~~the~~ party, ~~had through his attitude of passive opposition – similar to Bordiga’s - created a state of unease throughout the Party~~, which ~~could not fail to get a whiff of this situation~~. ~~[…] This shows~~ that ~~an opposition – even kept within~~ the ~~limits of~~ a ~~formal discipline – on the part of exceptional personalities~~ in the ~~workers’ movement, can not merely hamper the development~~ of the ~~revolutionary situation, but can put in danger~~ the ~~very conquests~~ of the ~~revolution~~.		Only the introduction has been published for free online. In which, Gramsci cautions against the possibility that the "oppositional minority", led by Trotsky, "does not accept with the greatest loyalty the fundamental principles of revolutionary party discipline", and "in carrying on its polemics and struggle, it goes beyond certain limits which are above all formal democracy." He feared that the Russian Communist Party was "in danger" because the "international bourgeois ... are counting on a split in our brother party" which could "bring about the ruin of the revolution" and the "slow death-agony of the proletarian dictatorship". He went on calling the Trotskyists "a little minority".<ref>Gramsci, On the Situation in the Bolshevik Party. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/248/monograph/chapter/1323704</ref> Gramsci's letter was blocked by Italian Communist chairman [[Palmiro Togliatti]], the cowardly revisionist who had succeeded him.

	~~-- Antonio Gramsci, 1924 <ref name=~~":0" /><~~/blockquote~~>~~Moreover~~, "the ~~passages~~ in ~~his ‘Prison Notebooks’ concerning Stalin, Trotsky, or Soviet socialism, all shine a favourable light on Stalin~~.~~"<ref>[~~https://it.~~wikipedia~~.~~org~~/~~wiki/Aldo_Bernardini_(giurista) Aldo Bernardini], translated by Jessica Coco. https:~~//~~www.revolutionarydemocracy.org~~/~~rdv19n1~~/~~gramstal.htm~~</ref>

	Gramsci's letter ~~to the Comintern~~ was blocked by Italian Communist chairman [[Palmiro Togliatti]], the cowardly revisionist who had succeeded him.

			In 1924, he compared his [[Left communism\|leftcom]] rival Bordiga to Trotsky, saying that both "played a purely figurative role in the Central Committee" and created a "factional situation" with "disastrous repercussions". <ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>Trotsky, although taking part ‘in a disciplined manner’ in the work of the party, had through his attitude of passive opposition – similar to Bordiga’s - created a state of unease throughout the Party, which could not fail to get a whiff of this situation. […] This shows that an opposition – even kept within the limits of a formal discipline – on the part of exceptional personalities in the workers’ movement, can not merely hamper the development of the revolutionary situation, but can put in danger the very conquests of the revolution. -- Antonio Gramsci <ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Moreover, "the passages in his ‘Prison Notebooks’ concerning Stalin, Trotsky, or Soviet socialism, all shine a favourable light on Stalin."<ref>[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Bernardini_(giurista) Aldo Bernardini], translated by Jessica Coco. https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv19n1/gramstal.htm</ref>
	== References ==		== References ==

imported>Azadsingh: Moved Togliatti to different page

2025-04-08T11:56:59Z

Moved Togliatti to different page

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:56, 8 April 2025
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	Yet these traditions existed long before capitalism and worldwide, across different modes of production, as part of a healthy human culture.		Yet these traditions existed long before capitalism and worldwide, across different modes of production, as part of a healthy human culture.

	To use the idea of cultural hegemony ~~against healthy moral traditions~~ is to ignore Gramsci himself. In his notes, Gramsci criticized the (semi-feudal) Italian countryside for "bestiality and sodomy", incest, and other "monstrous sexual crimes", existing despite their ideology of "religious fanaticism and patriarchalism". He compared their degeneracy to that of the (capitalist) cities, saying, "It is not only in the cities that sexuality has become a 'sport.'" He said women must attain "genuine independence" and "a new way of conceiving themselves". He concluded, "The truth is that the new type of man demanded by the rationalization of production and work cannot be developed until the sexual instinct has been suitably regulated and until it too has been rationalized."<ref>Gramsci, Some Aspects of the Sexual Question. https://web.archive.org/web/20060919172205/http://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/reader/q22-3.htm</ref>		To use the idea of cultural hegemony in this way is to ignore Gramsci himself. In his notes, Gramsci criticized the (semi-feudal) Italian countryside for "bestiality and sodomy", incest, and other "monstrous sexual crimes", existing despite their ideology of "religious fanaticism and patriarchalism". He compared their degeneracy to that of the (capitalist) cities, saying, "It is not only in the cities that sexuality has become a 'sport.'" He said women must attain "genuine independence" and "a new way of conceiving themselves". He concluded, "The truth is that the new type of man demanded by the rationalization of production and work cannot be developed until the sexual instinct has been suitably regulated and until it too has been rationalized."<ref>Gramsci, Some Aspects of the Sexual Question. https://web.archive.org/web/20060919172205/http://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/reader/q22-3.htm</ref>

	=== Trotsky vs. Stalin ===		=== Trotsky vs. Stalin ===
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	-- Antonio Gramsci, 1924 <ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Moreover, "the passages in his ‘Prison Notebooks’ concerning Stalin, Trotsky, or Soviet socialism, all shine a favourable light on Stalin."<ref>[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Bernardini_(giurista) Aldo Bernardini], translated by Jessica Coco. https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv19n1/gramstal.htm</ref>		-- Antonio Gramsci, 1924 <ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Moreover, "the passages in his ‘Prison Notebooks’ concerning Stalin, Trotsky, or Soviet socialism, all shine a favourable light on Stalin."<ref>[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Bernardini_(giurista) Aldo Bernardini], translated by Jessica Coco. https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv19n1/gramstal.htm</ref>

	Gramsci's letter to the Comintern was blocked by Italian Communist chairman [[Palmiro Togliatti]]. Trotskyists might try to say Togliatti was a hardcore Stalinist, for working with the USSR. Yet in reality, once Stalin was dead, Togliatti, allying with [[Nikita Khrushchev\|Khrushchev]], moved to liberal revisionism, against Stalin's legacy. He is considered a pioneer of [[Eurocommunism]] for advocating the "Italian road to socialism", a Khrushchevite idea that Communism can seize power peacefully (when in reality, the bourgeois will fight it violently). Before his death, he wrote a memorandum that, according to bourgeois historians, "strengthened the trend toward liberalization in communist countries".<ref>Britannica, "Palmiro Togliatti". https://web.archive.org/web/20230708001241/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Palmiro-Togliatti</ref> The Togliatti Memorandum condemned the [[Sino-Soviet split\|Chinese]], [[Enver Hoxha\|Albanians]], and Stalin's "regime of restrictions", calling for "open debate" to resolve "the problem of the origin of Stalin's cult"<ref>Togliatti Memorandum. https://www.marxists.org/archive/togliatti/1964/memorandum.htm</ref> - to an early parallel to Gorbachev's "glasnost" (openness) policy which effectively allowed the Western bourgeois to take over the Soviet media. Togliatti also made revisionist errors during Stalin's lifetime - 1) allying with Social Democrat leaders in the "united front from above",<ref>MLOB, "The Origins of Modern Revisionism." https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.firstwave/mlob-mr.pdf</ref><ref>Vijay Singh, Togliatti and the Question of Struggle against Fascism. https://revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv25n1/Togliatti.htm</ref> and 2) the Salerno Turn, where, at the end of WWII, Togliatti disbanded and disarmed the communist partisans in order to unify with bourgeois politicians, the Italian monarchy, and genocidal fascist general Pietro Badoglio. In exchange, Togliatti gained positions in the second Badoglio government of "national unity". The Soviets harshly criticized Togliatti for disarming the workers and pursuing bourgeois electoralism.<ref>Bill Bland, The Cominform Fights Revisionism. https://www.marxists.org/archive/bland/x01/cominform-fights-revisionism.~~pdf</ref>~~		Gramsci's letter to the Comintern was blocked by Italian Communist chairman [[Palmiro Togliatti]], the cowardly revisionist who had succeeded him.

	== References ==		== References ==

imported>Azadsingh: Edits to simplify

2025-04-08T09:35:31Z

Edits to simplify

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:35, 8 April 2025
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	=== New Left co-optation of cultural hegemony ===		=== New Left co-optation of cultural hegemony ===
	The [[New Left]] (often [[Trotskyism\|Trotskyists]] or [[Left communism\|left-communists]]) have used the notion of cultural hegemony to argue that widely held moral traditions are simply invented by the bourgeois. For example, New Leftists oppose modesty~~, chastity,~~ and raising a family in favor of ~~prostitution and nymphomania, which they call~~ "sexual freedom".		The [[New Left]] (often [[Trotskyism\|Trotskyists]] or [[Left communism\|left-communists]]) have used the notion of cultural hegemony to argue that widely held moral traditions are simply invented by the bourgeois. For example, New Leftists oppose modesty and raising a family in favor of "sexual freedom" (prostitution and nymphomania).

	~~The problem is,~~ these traditions existed long before capitalism and worldwide, across different modes of production, as part of a healthy human culture~~. They were passed down by peasants to their children without any motive to exploit them~~.		Yet these traditions existed long before capitalism and worldwide, across different modes of production, as part of a healthy human culture.

	~~Some New Leftists claim these~~ moral traditions ~~were started under feudalism and will be destroyed by communism. For one,~~ Gramsci ~~wrote about capitalism, not feudalism. For another, many of these traditions exist worldwide, across different modes of production~~.		To use the idea of cultural hegemony against healthy moral traditions is to ignore Gramsci himself. In his notes, Gramsci criticized the (semi-feudal) Italian countryside for "bestiality and sodomy", incest, and other "monstrous sexual crimes", existing despite their ideology of "religious fanaticism and patriarchalism". He compared their degeneracy to that of the (capitalist) cities, saying, "It is not only in the cities that sexuality has become a 'sport.'" He said women must attain "genuine independence" and "a new way of conceiving themselves". He concluded, "The truth is that the new type of man demanded by the rationalization of production and work cannot be developed until the sexual instinct has been suitably regulated and until it too has been rationalized."<ref>Gramsci, Some Aspects of the Sexual Question. https://web.archive.org/web/20060919172205/http://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/reader/q22-3.htm</ref>

	In his notes, Gramsci criticized the (semi-feudal) Italian countryside for "bestiality and sodomy", incest, and other "monstrous sexual crimes", existing despite their ideology of "religious fanaticism and patriarchalism". He compared their degeneracy to that of the (capitalist) cities, saying, "It is not only in the cities that sexuality has become a 'sport.'" He said women must attain "genuine independence" and "a new way of conceiving themselves". He concluded, "The truth is that the new type of man demanded by the rationalization of production and work cannot be developed until the sexual instinct has been suitably regulated and until it too has been rationalized."<ref>Gramsci, Some Aspects of the Sexual Question. https://web.archive.org/web/20060919172205/http://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/reader/q22-3.htm</ref>

	=== Trotsky vs. Stalin ===		=== Trotsky vs. Stalin ===

imported>Azadsingh: Created Gramsci

2025-04-08T09:21:41Z

Created Gramsci

New page

'''Antonio Gramsci''' was an Italian Communist who developed the theory of [[Cultural Hegemony]], which states that the bourgeois ruling class has a hegemonic influence on culture, through its control over the Mainstream Media and institutions such as NGOs.

Gramsci helped to found the Italian Communist Party in 1921. In 1924, he became its secretary.

From 1926, Gramsci was imprisoned and tortured by [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s Fascists. There, he wrote his Prison Notebooks. He died from sickness due to torture in 1937.

== Cultural Hegemony ==
Cultural hegemony is expressed today through bourgeois culture promoted by Hollywood and the Mainstream Media. It is also enforced through cancel culture.

Under [[bourgeois socialism]], the cultural hegemony is centrally managed by the government or [[Blackrock]]. Through state apparatuses like the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], [[State Department]], former [[Congress for Cultural Freedom|CCF]], [[NED]], [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] before [[DOGE]], and their affiliates like the [[Ford Foundation]] and [[George Soros]]'s Open Society Foundation, the US government spends billions each year promoting [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] narratives like "democracy" and "human rights".

The antithesis to this is proletarian culture, the culture that exists among workers. According to Gramsci, Communists must uphold proletarian culture, as it is part of the new communist society that is growing up within capitalism.

Infrared draws heavily from Gramsci, including his notion of the 'relative autonomy of the superstructure with regard to the base.'

== Myths ==

=== New Left co-optation of cultural hegemony ===
The [[New Left]] (often [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]] or [[Left communism|left-communists]]) have used the notion of cultural hegemony to argue that widely held moral traditions are simply invented by the bourgeois. For example, New Leftists oppose modesty, chastity, and raising a family in favor of prostitution and nymphomania, which they call "sexual freedom".

The problem is, these traditions existed long before capitalism and worldwide, across different modes of production, as part of a healthy human culture. They were passed down by peasants to their children without any motive to exploit them.

Some New Leftists claim these moral traditions were started under feudalism and will be destroyed by communism. For one, Gramsci wrote about capitalism, not feudalism. For another, many of these traditions exist worldwide, across different modes of production.

In his notes, Gramsci criticized the (semi-feudal) Italian countryside for "bestiality and sodomy", incest, and other "monstrous sexual crimes", existing despite their ideology of "religious fanaticism and patriarchalism". He compared their degeneracy to that of the (capitalist) cities, saying, "It is not only in the cities that sexuality has become a 'sport.'" He said women must attain "genuine independence" and "a new way of conceiving themselves". He concluded, "The truth is that the new type of man demanded by the rationalization of production and work cannot be developed until the sexual instinct has been suitably regulated and until it too has been rationalized."<ref>Gramsci, Some Aspects of the Sexual Question. https://web.archive.org/web/20060919172205/http://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/reader/q22-3.htm</ref>

=== Trotsky vs. Stalin ===
Trotskyists have falsely claimed that Gramsci was sympathetic to Trotskyism, pointing to his letter to the Comintern which (they claim) was "protesting Stalin's campaign against the Left Opposition."<ref>Leon Trotsky via Pioneer Publishers, "What Is Fascism and How to Fight It" (1944) https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1944/1944-fas.htm</ref>

In reality, Gramsci was completely pro-Stalin. He wrote in 1926, "Our letter was a whole indictment of the opposition."<ref name=":0">Communist Platform - Gramsci, a Bolshevik. https://espressostalinist.com/2015/02/10/communist-platform-gramsci-a-bolshevik/</ref>

He compared his [[Left communism|leftcom]] rival Bordiga to Trotsky, saying that both "played a purely figurative role in the Central Committee" and created a "factional situation" with "disastrous repercussions". <ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>Trotsky, although taking part ‘in a disciplined manner’ in the work of the party, had through his attitude of passive opposition – similar to Bordiga’s - created a state of unease throughout the Party, which could not fail to get a whiff of this situation. […] This shows that an opposition – even kept within the limits of a formal discipline – on the part of exceptional personalities in the workers’ movement, can not merely hamper the development of the revolutionary situation, but can put in danger the very conquests of the revolution.

-- Antonio Gramsci, 1924 <ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Moreover, "the passages in his ‘Prison Notebooks’ concerning Stalin, Trotsky, or Soviet socialism, all shine a favourable light on Stalin."<ref>[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Bernardini_(giurista) Aldo Bernardini], translated by Jessica Coco. https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv19n1/gramstal.htm</ref>

Gramsci's letter to the Comintern was blocked by Italian Communist chairman [[Palmiro Togliatti]]. Trotskyists might try to say Togliatti was a hardcore Stalinist, for working with the USSR. Yet in reality, once Stalin was dead, Togliatti, allying with [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]], moved to liberal revisionism, against Stalin's legacy. He is considered a pioneer of [[Eurocommunism]] for advocating the "Italian road to socialism", a Khrushchevite idea that Communism can seize power peacefully (when in reality, the bourgeois will fight it violently). Before his death, he wrote a memorandum that, according to bourgeois historians, "strengthened the trend toward liberalization in communist countries".<ref>Britannica, "Palmiro Togliatti". https://web.archive.org/web/20230708001241/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Palmiro-Togliatti</ref> The Togliatti Memorandum condemned the [[Sino-Soviet split|Chinese]], [[Enver Hoxha|Albanians]], and Stalin's "regime of restrictions", calling for "open debate" to resolve "the problem of the origin of Stalin's cult"<ref>Togliatti Memorandum. https://www.marxists.org/archive/togliatti/1964/memorandum.htm</ref> - to an early parallel to Gorbachev's "glasnost" (openness) policy which effectively allowed the Western bourgeois to take over the Soviet media. Togliatti also made revisionist errors during Stalin's lifetime - 1) allying with Social Democrat leaders in the "united front from above",<ref>MLOB, "The Origins of Modern Revisionism." https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.firstwave/mlob-mr.pdf</ref><ref>Vijay Singh, Togliatti and the Question of Struggle against Fascism. https://revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv25n1/Togliatti.htm</ref> and 2) the Salerno Turn, where, at the end of WWII, Togliatti disbanded and disarmed the communist partisans in order to unify with bourgeois politicians, the Italian monarchy, and genocidal fascist general Pietro Badoglio. In exchange, Togliatti gained positions in the second Badoglio government of "national unity". The Soviets harshly criticized Togliatti for disarming the workers and pursuing bourgeois electoralism.<ref>Bill Bland, The Cominform Fights Revisionism. https://www.marxists.org/archive/bland/x01/cominform-fights-revisionism.pdf</ref>

== References ==