imported>ComradeBanana at 19:20, 3 February 2024

2024-02-03T19:20:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:20, 3 February 2024
Line 38:		Line 38:

	Michael Jabara Carley is politically controversial. His works are nonetheless respected among historians, as seen from editorial reviews of his latest book "Stalin's Gamble" (2023).<ref>https://utorontopress.com/9781487544416/stalin-and-x2019s-gamble/</ref> He probably wrote more than any other English speaking historian on pre-war diplomacy.<ref>https://umontreal.academia.edu/MichaelJabaraCarley/Books</ref><references />		Michael Jabara Carley is politically controversial. His works are nonetheless respected among historians, as seen from editorial reviews of his latest book "Stalin's Gamble" (2023).<ref>https://utorontopress.com/9781487544416/stalin-and-x2019s-gamble/</ref> He probably wrote more than any other English speaking historian on pre-war diplomacy.<ref>https://umontreal.academia.edu/MichaelJabaraCarley/Books</ref><references />
			[[Category:Good Articles]]
			[[Category:Geopolitics]]
			[[Category:Military Alliance]]

161.53.226.162: Grammar and formatting

2024-01-16T15:29:03Z

Grammar and formatting

Show changes

161.53.226.162: Expanded

2024-01-15T16:54:23Z

Expanded

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''Eastern Pact''' was a Franco-Soviet diplomatic initiative that was discussed from 1933 to 1935. It was imagined as a multilateral defensive treaty, similar in function to the [[wikipedia:Locarno_Treaties|'''Locarno Treaties''']], comprising France, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Nazi Germany.
+The '''Eastern Pact''' was a Franco-Soviet diplomatic initiative that was discussed from 1933 to 1935. It was imagined as a multilateral defensive treaty, similar in function to the [[wikipedia:Locarno_Treaties|'''Locarno Treaties''']], comprising France, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Nazi Germany. Some secondary sources contradict each other about who started Eastern Pact negotiations. From the archives it seems to have been the French side.<ref name=":0">Library of the President of the Russian Federation, https://prlib.ru/en/node/1297284</ref>
-== History ==
+==History==
-=== Origins ===
+===Origins===
-Franco-Soviet relations improved in the years prior to Hitler's victory in Germany. In 1932 the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with both France and Poland. This was possible due to the weakening of the German-Soviet Rapallo relationship, the prolongation of which in 1931 ([[wikipedia:Treaty_of_Berlin_(1926)|'''Treaty of Berlin''']]) was the last high note in German-Soviet relations. With the rise of Hitler: "The Rapallo relationship between Germany and Russia collapsed […].<ref>Roberts (1995) The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War, 3</ref> Germany, the USSR's most important ally in the capitalist world in the 1920s, had become the object of Soviet encirclement and confrontation".<ref>Ibid., 9</ref> This was a pretty big hit to the Soviet economy as by 1932 almost half of Soviet imports came from Germany.<ref>Overy and Wheatcroft (2000) The Road to War, 224</ref> In the view of this, the reorientation to France and western powers was the only pragmatic way to avoid diplomatic isolation.
+Franco-Soviet relations improved in the years prior to Hitler's victory in Germany. In 1932 the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with both France and Poland. This was possible due to the weakening of the German-Soviet Rapallo relationship, the prolongation of which in 1931 ([[wikipedia:Treaty_of_Berlin_(1926)|'''Treaty of Berlin''']]) was the last high note in German-Soviet relations. With the rise of Hitler:<blockquote>"The Rapallo relationship between Germany and Russia collapsed […].<ref>Roberts (1995) The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War, 3</ref> Germany, the USSR's most important ally in the capitalist world in the 1920s, had become the object of Soviet encirclement and confrontation".<ref>Ibid., 9</ref></blockquote>This was also a big hit to the Soviet economy as by 1932 almost half of Soviet imports came from Germany.<ref>Overy and Wheatcroft (2000) The Road to War, 224</ref> In the view of this, the reorientation to France and western powers was the only pragmatic way to avoid diplomatic isolation.
-=== Early Negotiations ===
+===Early Negotiations ===
-Paul-Boncour and Litvinov, the French and Soviet foreign ministers respectively, met in Geneva just as Germany left the League of Nations in October of 1933. "Secret meetings began to be held immediately, and in spite of early differences, by the end of December the Soviet ambassador was able to present Paul-Boncour with a written draft. This was to form the basis for the negotiations over the Eastern Pact."<ref>Radice (1977) The Eastern Pact, 47</ref> A month later the Soviet Union adopted the policy of Collective Security, officially ending the German-Soviet Rapallo relations.<ref>Library of the President of the Russian Federation, https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/1296885</ref>
+Paul-Boncour and Litvinov, the French and Soviet foreign ministers respectively, met in Geneva just as Germany left the League of Nations in October of 1933. "Secret meetings began to be held immediately, and in spite of early differences, by the end of December the Soviet ambassador was able to present Paul-Boncour with a written draft. This was to form the basis for the negotiations over the Eastern Pact."<ref>Radice (1977) The Eastern Pact, 47</ref> A month later the Soviet Union adopted the policy of '''Collective Security''', officially ending the German-Soviet Rapallo relations.<ref>Library of the President of the Russian Federation, https://prlib.ru/en/node/1296885</ref> One of the main preconditions of the Eastern Pact was the Soviet accession to the League of Nations,<ref name=":0" /> which it did in September of 1934.<ref>Library of the President of the Russian Federation, https://prlib.ru/en/history/619549</ref>

imported>RTSG Mak: Created page

2024-01-15T14:49:34Z

Created page

New page

The '''Eastern Pact''' was a Franco-Soviet diplomatic initiative that was discussed from 1933 to 1935. It was imagined as a multilateral defensive treaty, similar in function to the [[wikipedia:Locarno_Treaties|'''Locarno Treaties''']], comprising France, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Nazi Germany.

== History ==

=== Origins ===
Franco-Soviet relations improved in the years prior to Hitler's victory in Germany. In 1932 the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with both France and Poland. This was possible due to the weakening of the German-Soviet Rapallo relationship, the prolongation of which in 1931 ([[wikipedia:Treaty_of_Berlin_(1926)|'''Treaty of Berlin''']]) was the last high note in German-Soviet relations. With the rise of Hitler: "The Rapallo relationship between Germany and Russia collapsed […].<ref>Roberts (1995) The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War, 3</ref> Germany, the USSR's most important ally in the capitalist world in the 1920s, had become the object of Soviet encirclement and confrontation".<ref>Ibid., 9</ref> This was a pretty big hit to the Soviet economy as by 1932 almost half of Soviet imports came from Germany.<ref>Overy and Wheatcroft (2000) The Road to War, 224</ref> In the view of this, the reorientation to France and western powers was the only pragmatic way to avoid diplomatic isolation.

=== Early Negotiations ===
Paul-Boncour and Litvinov, the French and Soviet foreign ministers respectively, met in Geneva just as Germany left the League of Nations in October of 1933. "Secret meetings began to be held immediately, and in spite of early differences, by the end of December the Soviet ambassador was able to present Paul-Boncour with a written draft. This was to form the basis for the negotiations over the Eastern Pact."<ref>Radice (1977) The Eastern Pact, 47</ref> A month later the Soviet Union adopted the policy of Collective Security, officially ending the German-Soviet Rapallo relations.<ref>Library of the President of the Russian Federation, https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/1296885</ref>

Eastern Pact - Revision history

imported>ComradeBanana at 19:20, 3 February 2024

161.53.226.162: Grammar and formatting

161.53.226.162: Expanded

imported>RTSG Mak: Created page